Naturalization and U.S. Citizenship

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Last reviewed September 2026

Naturalization is the process through which an eligible permanent resident becomes a U.S. citizen. The requirements depend on the applicable eligibility provision and individual history. This guide explains the general sequence and points to the official instructions.

Step-by-step guidance

A general overview of the application, interview and oath process.

Before you start

Key decisions

  • Whether the three-year or five-year residence rule applies
  • Whether travel affected continuous residence or physical presence
  • Whether an English or civics exception may apply
  • Whether any tax, criminal or registration issue needs review before filing

What to prepare

  • Permanent resident history
  • Travel dates
  • Address and employment history
  • Tax information when relevant
  • Marriage documentation for three-year-rule cases
  • Selective Service information where applicable

Stage by stage

  1. Check eligibility

    Review the applicable residence, physical presence, good moral character and other requirements before applying.

    Citizenship eligibility

  2. Prepare and file Form N-400

    Follow the current form instructions and gather the required supporting evidence.

    Form N-400

  3. Complete required appointments

    Follow USCIS instructions for biometrics, additional evidence and the naturalization interview.

    What to expect

  4. Complete the applicable tests and interview

    The English and civics requirements and any exceptions depend on the applicable rules and individual circumstances.

    Study resources

  5. Take the Oath of Allegiance

    If approved, follow the oath ceremony instructions. Citizenship is ordinarily acquired at the oath ceremony.

    Naturalization process

Common points to watch

  • Filing early does not remove the need to satisfy all eligibility requirements
  • Long trips can affect continuous residence
  • The interview may include English and civics testing unless an exception applies
  • USCIS can request additional evidence before a decision
  • Citizenship is generally completed at the Oath of Allegiance, not merely at interview approval

Continue with TR Immigration

This roadmap is general educational guidance. A stage can be skipped, added or reordered depending on the category and individual facts. Always check the current form instructions, agency policy and official notices before filing.

Official starting source
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